Answer:
The Italian city-states were a political phenomenon of small independent states mostly in the central and northern Italian Peninsula between the 9th and the 15th centuries.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, urban settlements in Italy generally enjoyed a greater continuity than in the rest of western Europe. Many of these towns were survivors of earlier Etruscan, Umbrian and Roman towns which had existed within the Roman Empire. The republican institutions of Rome had also survived. Some feudal lords existed with a servile labour force and huge tracts of land, but by the 11th century, many cities, including Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa, Pisa, Lucca, Cremona, Siena, Città di Castello, Perugia, and many others, had become large trading metropoles, able to obtain independence from
Answer:
stereotype threat
Explanation:
A stereotype threat is a situation where a notion based on a well-known stereotype will affect the performance or the attitude of anyone that can likely be included in that category.
To put an example a stereotype already posses a threat for almost any social activity and when measured in a laboratory or at an empirical basis it normally yields a negative effect:
If a stereotype threat is present normally a negative outcome will not favor any one of a gender or ethnic groups that is associated with:
In a study, some women were made to play chess against a male opponent, and since a stereotype assumes that women are less proficient, the study found out that the women played poorly (which reinforced the stereotype threat)
Later the same female players were told that their opponent was female performed and their performance was significantly high.
<em>Female participants who were already aware of the stereotype of females performing worse at chess than males confirmed this by performing worse in their respective chess games. </em>
Answer:
Lobbying
Explanation:
The Florida Swimming Pool Association hired a full-time government relations specialist whose job will be to support or thwart legislation that affects the association's members. One of the specialist's first jobs is to deal with a proposed law requiring hard-wire alarm systems in all pools. This government relations specialist will most likely be engaged in lobbying.
Lobbying basically involves any attempt by anyone or organization to influence the decisions of government. It involves trying to influence the thinking of legislators or other public officials for or against a specific cause.