Answer:
The correct five steps are - Step 1: prepare the patient · Step 2: make a skin incision · Step 3: perform a craniotomy, open the skull · Step 4: expose the brain · Step 5: correct the problem
Explanation:
Craniotomy or craniectomy is the surgical incision in the skull of the patient and taking graft. This procedure required a proper path in order to make a successful surgery. The correct path is as follows:
Step 1: prepare the patient ·
Step 2: make a skin incision ·
Step 3: perform a craniotomy, open the skull ·
Step 4: expose the brain ·
Step 5: correct the problem.
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According to the National Patient Safety Goals, Nurse Charlene should ask the patient to meet the doctor personally and take all the preventive measures accordingly.
Hospitals should concentrate on achieving seven national patient safety objectives in 2021, including:
1) Correct patient identification: When confirming a patient's identity, staff members should use at least two different methods, such as name and birthdate. By doing this, pharmaceutical errors will be decreased and patients will receive the recommended treatment.
2) Boost employee communication. Together, healthcare professionals and administrative officials should create procedures for quickly reporting important test results.
3) Use medications sensibly. There should be clear labels on every medicine. The patient's medications should be meticulously documented by nurses and other clinical professionals.
4) Utilize alerts sensibly. Make adjustments to the alarms on medical equipment so that important individuals may hear them and act swiftly.
5) To avoid infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or WHO should be followed when it comes to hand washing instructions for employees.
6) Identify dangers to patient safety. Bad thoughts may arise in patients receiving treatment in a hospital. Utilizing appropriate screening techniques and doing environmental risk assessments.
7) Preventive surgical errors. The right patient should have the right surgery in the right location on the patient's body.
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The Center for Disease Control launched a nationwide study to assess infection control strategies in 1974 as nosocomial infections started to become a severe issue in US hospitals. The Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control, or SENIC Initiative, is a three-phased project that was created with three main goals in mind: To ascertain whether (and if so, to what extent) the adoption of infection surveillance and control programs (ISCPs) has reduced the rate of nosocomial infection, To describe the current status of ISCPs and infection rates, and To illustrate the relationships between characteristics of hospitals and patients, components of ISCPs, and changes in the infection rate. Following the completion of data collection in a nationally representative sample of hospitals, analysis is being conducted to pinpoint infection control strategies that are most successful while costing hospitals the least amount of money, as well as to identify additional specific questions that need to be addressed by future research.
<h3>What exactly is an infection?</h3>
An infection happens when bacteria enter the body, grow, and cause the body to react. Three events are necessary for an infection to occur: Source: Infectious (germ) agent habitats (e.g., sinks, surfaces, human skin) a susceptible individual who serves as a germ entrance point.
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Answer:
A. True. If the delivery of prospective lysosomal proteins
from the trans Golgi network to the late endosomes
were blocked, lysosomal proteins would be
secreted by the constitutive secretion pathway.
B. False. Lysosomes digest only substances that have been
taken up by cells by endocytosis.
C. False. N-linked sugar chains are found on glycoproteins
that face the cell surface, as well as on
glycoproteins that face the lumen of the ER, trans
Golgi network, and mitochondria.
Explanation:
A. Lysosomal proteins are carried through the indirect constitutive secretion pathway that transports lysosomal proteins from the TGN to plasma membrane and delivers to the late endosomes and the lysosomes.
B. Lysomes digest cellular components and materials by both endocytosis and autolysis.
- Autolysis is a self-destructive pathway by the action of enzymes in the lysosomes.
- Endocytosis is a receptor-mediated pathway and lysosomes digests substances that have been taken up or attached by specific receptors.
- Phagocytosis, an endocytosis pathway, involves ingestion of macromolecules, degraded cellular material, cellular debris, and decayed microbial cells
.
C. N-linked sugar chains are not present on the lumen of the mitochondria because mitochondria does not involve in vesicular transport.
N-linked glycosylation occurs by the action of the enzymes are present in the lumen of ER and golgi cisternae of the TGN and the sugars get attached to the glycoproteins on their lumen.