In Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled in 1919 that Schenck violated the Espionage Act. His campaign included printing and mailing 15,000 fliers to draft-age men arguing that conscription (the draft) was unconstitutional and urging them to resist. According to Schenck, conscription is a form of "involuntary servitude" and is therefore prohibited by the 13th Amendment. People were told to exercise their rights to free speech, peaceful assembly, and petitioning the government. Charles Schenck was imprisoned for expressing his beliefs after the court upheld the Espionage Act as constitutional. Schenck requested a new trial after he was convicted of violating the Espionage Act in 1917. He was denied the request. Afterward, he appealed to the Supreme Court, which agreed to review his case in 1919. This case later showed certain kinds of speech would be deemed illegal if it posed as a threat to the US’s needs.
Shah Abbas reduced taxes on farmers and herders and encouraged the growth of industry. Abbas also tolerated non-Muslims and valued their economic contributions.
