Answer:
golgi tendon and muscle spindle
The answer to this question is: abnormal development of the caudal (tail) vertebrae
Somitogenesis refers to the process during embryo development in which somites form. These somites are cells that will give rise to structures associated with the vertebrae body plan. Somites form sequentially from the head to the tail, where each new somite forms on the caudal or tail region of the previous one.
Somitogenesis represents the first sign of segmentation of the developing vertebrate embryo. During somitogenesis, the unsegmented paraxial or presomitic mesoderm in the trilaminar embryonic stage is segmented in order to form pairs of somites. Moreover, caudal vertebrae refer to the bones that form the tail of vertebrates, which derive from caudal somites.
Embryo hypoxia refers to the condition in which the developing embryo does not receive sufficient oxygen (O2) supply. It has been shown that hypoxia during embryo development can increase the incidence of malformations. In this case, embryo hypoxia affects normal caudal somite segmentation, thereby leading to defects in the caudal (tail) vertebrae.
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Answer:
During the oxidation of glucose in the liver the malate aspartate shuttle system is used, therefore, two additional ATPs get generated at the step constituting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
On the other hand, in the brain, a cell uses the glycerol phosphate shuttle system, which generates two less number of ATPs. However, the remaining of the energetics for the number of ATP in both cases are similar.
Thus, the difference is based upon the kind of shuttle system used that leads to the production of 32 ATPs in liver cells and 30 ATPs in the brain cells.
