It depends on the war. the US government wanted more land and went to war getting todays California. there's another time where I believe it might have been the Indian war. it was fought for a no good reason. many were affected by this war.
The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the United Nations settling disputes between member states and providing advisory opinions .
A is the closest to being correct.
There is no "general" trial judge. A judge may sit on a trial court but they are not a "general" judge. They may be a State judge or a federal judge on a court of original jurisdiction.
There are administrative judges at the patent office, so that is correct.
Stalin wanted to spread communism. He felt it was the only way the USSR would be safe. He also felt that D-Day took longer then it should have because the Americans wanted the Germans to weaken Stalin. It caused both sides to be suspicious and hate the other tensions remained high.
The reason Thomas Jefferson gave American explorer Meriwether Lewis a cipher was that his expedition was not only scientific and commercial but colonial. Jefferson knew that all those vast lands and territories were to be taken by the United States to keep Spain or Britain from taking them first. He understood that having an access to the Pacific Ocean would provide a great position for the new nation to commerce with Asia. Thus, he made sure to provide Lewis with a way to communicate with him secretly in the event that both him and William Clark were ever captured by military forces of the rivaling European powers or even by the Native Americans.
Indeed, the Spanish Empire had claims to the lands that Lewis and Clark were exploring and the existence of the expedition was disclosed to them by American general James Wilkinson, who was a paid spy for the Spaniards. Four armed Spanish expeditions were sent by the Spanish Authorities to capture and interrogate Lewis and Clark but they were never able to find them.