Question

Modern Native Americans have very high frequencies of Type O blood. In some places in North and South America, the frequency is as high as 100%. Anthropologists believe that early Native Americans arrived in North America by crossing over the Bering Land Bridge around 15,000 years ago, from East Asia. Modern East Asian populations, with whom modern Native Americans share ancestry, do not have high frequencies of Type O blood. Instead, they have some of the lowest frequencies of Type O blood in the world. 1. What forces of evolution are at work? a. Mutation.
b. Natural Selection.
c. Genetic Drift.
d. Gene Flow.
2. Specifically, how is natural selection involved?
3. Explain how the forces of evolution shift allele frequencies in the population over time. Your answer should include all of the ‘forces’ of evolution that you identified as being employed (above). Put this information into a narrative to explain how new traits are introduced, how individuals are selected (if present), and how alleles in the population shift over time.

Answer 1

Native Americans and Type O Blood

Modern Native Americans have very high frequencies of Type O blood.

In some places in North and South America, the frequency is as high as 100%. Anthropologists believe that early Native Americans arrived in North America by crossing over the Bering Land Bridge around 15,000 years ago, from East Asia.

Modern East Asian populations, with whom modern Native Americans share ancestry, do not have high frequencies of Type O blood. Instead, they have some of the lowest frequencies of Type O blood in the world.

B. Sickle-Cell Anemia

As many as 20-30% of people living in equatorial Africa have at least one allele on Chromosome 11 that codes for sickle-cell anemia (they have an, "S" rather than an, "A" allele). This is odd because usually, 80% of people who have two S alleles die before they can reproduce,

For each of the following cases:

1. What forces of evolution are at work?  State all that apply.

Mutation

Natural Selection

Genetic Drift

Gene Flow.

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