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LenKa [72]
2 years ago
6

In an energy pyramid, the amount of energy at the producer level is 475,650 kilocalories. the pyramid has four trophic levels, i

ncluding the producer level. assuming that 10% of the energy is retained at every level, how much energy is available for the second-level consumers? the energy available for the second-level consumers is kilocalories.
Biology
1 answer:
AURORKA [14]2 years ago
6 0

The energy available for the second-level consumers is <u>4756.5 </u>kilocalories.

A trophic level is a  position in the food chain or nutrient cycle of an ecosystem. Based on their eating habits, organisms in a food chain are divided into various levels. The first trophic level is usually occupied by producers that can synthesize their own food.

The efficient energy transfer from one trophic to another is only 10% rest of the energy is lost in the ecosystem. The studies of the transfer of energy in different food chains in a large number of ecosystems have revealed a uniform pattern, which is stated as the 10 percent law by Lindemann. According to this law, only 10 percent of the energy entering a particular trophic level of organisms is available for transfer to the next higher trophic level.

Calculation:

Producers (475650 kilocalories) —>  Primary consumers (10% of 475650 = 47565 kilocalories) —> Secondary consumers (10% of 47565 = 4756.5 kilocalories).

So, the energy available for second-level consumers is 4756.5 kilocalories.

Know more about energy transfer in trophic levels

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Outermost layer of the cell wall is

(A)Plasmalemma

(B)Secondary wall

(C)Middle lamella

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Hint: The wall which is present at the outermost of the cell wall acts as a glue between the different cells. . The secondary wall is not present in every cell, it is present in few cells that alter the growth of the primary wall.

Complete answer:

A cell wall is an outer structural layer present in only some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It is usually tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. The cell wall is mostly composed of two layers and sometimes three layers too. The layers of the Cell wall are as follows-

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-The middle lamella, a layer rich in pectins. It is the outermost layer that forms the interface between adjacent plant cells and glues them together.

-The secondary cell wall, if present, is a thick layer formed inside the primary cell wall after the cell is mature. it's not found in all cell types.

Additional Information: The cell wall is majorly composed of the cellulose microfibrils that are linked via hemicellulosic tethers to form the cellulose-hemicellulose network, which is embedded in the pectin matrix. The most common hemicellulose present in the primary cell wall is xyloglucan.

The outer part of the primary cell wall of the plant epidermis is mostly covered with the cutin and wax, forming a permeability barrier known as the plant cuticle.

Secondary cell walls contain a wide range of additional compounds that helps to enhance and modify their mechanical properties and permeability. The major polymers that make up wood (largely secondary cell walls) include cellulose, 35-50% .xylan, 20-35%, a type of hemicellulose, and lignin, 10-25%.

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