Characterization and determination of the S/G ratio via Py-GC/MS of agricultural and industrial residues.
<h3>What is the abstract?</h3>
To investigate the potential lignin values, agricultural residues (apple tree pruning, olive tree pruning, and almond shell) and industrial residues (kraft black liquor) were employed as source materials for lignin extraction via various fractionation procedures (kraft, organosolv, acetosolv and acetosolv and formosolv processes). Py-GC/MS, FTIR, and GPC were used to characterise the separated lignins. The fractionation method had a significant impact on the average molecular weight (Mw) assessed by GPC. The severe circumstances of the acetosolv and acetosolv-formosolv procedures favoured repolymerization, resulting in high Mw lignins. Because of the longer retention durations, the EKL had a smaller Mw. Except for almond shell lignin, which has the highest relative abundance of G-type phenols, all lignins have higher relative abundances of S-type phenols.
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The answer is D, increasing genetic variation
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A meander that has been cut off from the river is called oxbow lake. I will now give an explanation on how an oxbow lake is formed.
An oxbow lake is a narrow U-shaped lake near a river. Its a meander that got cut off.
As erosion, continues, the neck of the meander is worn away. It gets narrower and narrower. Then, during flooding, the river takes a shortcut - straight across the neck. Soon the loop of the meander gets sealed off. It turns into an oxbow lake. In time, the lake will get covered with weeds, and fill with soil, and disappear.
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B. tiny algae and plankton decomposed under conditions of heat, pressure, and low oxygen.
Explanation:
Oil is most likely to form where tiny algae and plankton decomposed under conditions of heat, pressure and low oxygen.
Coal will form when plant materials like twigs, leaves and tree trunks decomposed under conditions of heat, pressure and low oxygen.
- To form oil, algae and plankton will be gathered with sediments in a basin.
- Rapid burial causes the algae and plankton to be cut off from aerobic environment that would lead to the decay of these organisms.
- They are buried alive and as the basin subsides, temperature and pressure acts to produce kerogen.
- Further cracking produces oil and gas.
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