Answer:
a) 28 cases
b) 3 cases
Explanation:
a) From the table of genetic codes, there are 28 codons that specify more than one amino acid assuming only the first two nucleotides are considered. In these cases, one cannot outrightly specify the amino acid the genetic codes are coding for without knowing the last nucleotide of the codes. <em>For example, UU can be for Phenylalanine or Leucine, CA can be for Histidine or Glutamine, etc. </em>
b) From the table of genetic codes, the first two nucleotides of Arginine can be either of CG or AG, that of Serine can be either of UC or AG while that Leucine can be either of CU or UU. Only in these <u>3 cases</u> would one fail to know which are the first two nucleotides assuming the name of the amino acids are given.
<em>See the attached image for the genetic code.</em>
<h3><u>Answer;</u></h3>
b). Activation of an upstream guanine nucleotide exchange factor
<h3><u>Explanation</u>;</h3>
- <em><u>When a ligand activates the G protein-coupled receptor, it induces a conformational change in the receptor that allows the receptor to function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that exchanges GDP for GTPthus turning the G protein-coupled receptor on.</u></em>
- The activated G-protein then dissociates into an alpha (G-alpha) and a beta-gamma complex.
Answer:
a. resolve the branching patterns (evolutionary history) of the Lophotrochozoa
b. (the same, it is repeated)
Explanation:
Nemertios (ribbon worms) and foronids (horseshoe worms) are closely related groups of lofotrocozoa. Lofotrocozoans, or simply trocozoans (= tribomastic celomados with trocophoric larva) are a group of animals that includes annelids, molluscs, endoprocts, brachiopods and other invertebrates. They represent a crucial superphylum for our understanding of the evolution of bilateral symmetry animals. However, given the inconsistency between molecular and morphological data for these groups, their origins were not entirely clear. In the work linked above, the first records of genomes of the Nemertine worm Notospermus geniculatus and the foronid Phoronis australis are presented, along with transcriptomes along the adult bodies. Our phylogenetic analyzes based on the genome place Nemertinos as the sister group of the taxon that contains Phoronidea and Brachiopoda. It is shown that lofotrocozoans share many families of genes with deuterotomes, suggesting that these two groups retain a common genetic repertoire of bilaterals that do not possess ecdisozoans (arthropods, nematodes) or platizoos (platelets, sydermats). Comparative transcriptomics demonstrates that foronid and brachiopod lofophores are similar not only morphologically, but also at the molecular level. Although the lofophore and vertebrates show very different cephalic structures, the lofophorees express the vertebrate head genes and neuronal marker genes. This finding suggests a common origin of the bilaterial pattern of the head, although different types of head will evolve independently in each lineage. In addition, we recorded innate immunity expansions of lineage-specific and toxin-related genes in both lofotrocozoa and deuterostomes. Together, this study reveals a dual nature of lofotrocozoans, in which the conserved and specific characteristics of the lineage shape their evolution.
Answer:
Lipases and Amylases:
Lipases are a class of digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas. These enzymes are responsible for breaking down fatty acid chains into their smaller sub units so that they can be absorbed by the body. Amylases are a class of digestive enzyme produces by the salivary glands in the mouth and the pancreas. These enzymes breakdown carbohydrates into smaller sub units so they can be absorbed.
Explanation:
because of excessive amount of protease this problem may have protein lack causing various problem in body
