Starch is made up of alpha glucose. Fiber and Cellulose is made up of beta glucose.
Maximum Thrift is a method / philosophy that considers the shortest tree (in number of transformation steps) the best hypothesis about the phylogenetic relationship of a given set of terminals. Transformation step is the cost attributed to the change of character state in a given branch of the tree, be it the change from one nucleotide base to another, amino acids, or the color of an animal's iris. The fewer transformations, the shorter the tree, and therefore the more parsimonious. In this method, what programs do is to investigate as many alternative topologies as possible (or all if their array has less than 25 terminals; see more details below) given their character array. Each will be measured, and the shorter (optimal) trees will be retained as the most parsimonious result.
I can't read the paper, so all I can say is read Darwin's Survival of the Fittest and you will understand evolution.
Explanation:
Monosaccharides are defined as the simplest form of carbohydrates. It consists of carbon atom, hydrogen atom and oxygen atom.
In disaccharides and polysaccharides, monosaccharides are the basic building blocks.
As two units of a monosaccharide leads to the formation of a disaccharide. Similarly, more than two units of a monosaccharide will lead to the formation of a polysaccharide.
Basic formula of a monosaccharide is 
, where n can be equal to or greater than 3.
