Vaccines are the most efficacious means of minimizing the impact of infectious diseases on the human population. The challenges and importance of making vaccines that will meet FDA approval have never been greater. Genomics has the potential to improve the process of vaccine development substantially. Genome sequencing can help to identify genetic patterns related to the virulence of a disease, as well as genetic factors that contribute to immunity or successful vaccine response. All this information could lead to vaccines with better and more specific targets that elicit more successful protective immune responses. Comparing the genome sequences of viruses that cause infection with those that do not may provide additional insights. In turn, genome manipulation can facilitate derivation of attenuated strains or other vehicles for delivery of the desired antigens to stimulate immune response. On the other end of the spectrum, analysis of host diversity can reveal effective immune responses and possibly the genetic basis for inappropriate response. The recent progress in definition of the innate immune system, necessary for acquired response, should facilitate the definition of this host diversity.
Answer: d. Realize that this is a common occurrence that affects many women.
Explanation:
The baby blue or postportem depression is characterized by the symptoms which appear after the delivery of the fully developed fetus. The birth of a baby triggers the powerful emotions of excitement, fear, anxiety and depression in mother.
If the new mother experiences symptoms of the baby blues, it is important that she must be informed that she must not ashamed or try to uplift her feelings and emotions. It is the commonly seen in many women after delivery.
A Drug Trend report published in 2009 had predicted continued price increase among traditional branded and biotech drugs that lack generic competition. Now, further, CMS has reduced its Average Sales price (ASP) margin from 6 percent to 4 percent for non-pass-thorough. This has affected pharmacy reimbursement. However, there are certain other aspects of Pharmacy Billing that can affect reimbursement and thereby the Revenue Cycle Management (RCM) process if not well implemented.
1. Data Workflow:
Recognizing how the revenue cycle works in pharmacy is very essential. Procurement to Inventory, billing and reimbursement involves purchase of medications, their storage, and method of dispensing, how they are administered, way they are coded & billed, and finally reimbursed. If the drug is covered as a pharmacy benefit, or the payer needs that to be obtained via a specialty pharmacy as identified through patient-specific benefit verification, then here both the provider and the pharmacy are part of the reimbursement process. The physician writes a prescription and orders the drug. This is followed by the pharmacy that fills the order and issues the drug to the physician, CMHC, or hospital outpatient department. Here the pharmacy bills the insurance company for the drug. If any information is entered incorrectly into the pharmacy system in the initial phase of the cycle, errors can prove to be costly, impacting aspects of clinical and revenue cycle.
2. Procurement:
During this phase information is converted from purchased quantities and pricing to storage units of measure (UOM) and inventory costs. Manually entering the data is followed in most cases. UOM conversions, when data is uploaded from the wholesale distributor to the pharmacy system, are also checked and verified manually. Here too mistakes can lead to breakdown in the revenue cycle management (RCM) process.
3. The Charge master:
Critical & substantial revenue leakage can occur when separately reimbursable medications are either missing from or miscoded in the charge master. Conversion of pharmaceutical quantities is a must from purchased amounts to patient-administered amounts, and only then made billable. There is often a difference between dosage amounts required for patient use as from that purchased. Besides inventory, the clinician and pharmacist should convert dosage, strength, and delivery mechanism for each drug. Drug data must be correctly converted from the quantities residing in clinical systems into the payer-billable quantities appropriate for the financial system or charge master. The UOMs must be reconciled to avoid any under- or over-payments. More than often, missing or incorrect data in the charge master can result in negative financial consequences – denied claims, partial reimbursement, and compliance risks.
4. Linkages between Purchases & Billing:
Most hospitals have separate processes to order drugs, administer them, and process reimbursement. Without linkage between pharmacy expenditures for medications (i.e., spend data) and the charge master, ensuring proper charge capture and optimal reimbursement is a challenge. Besides hospitals should have automated tools to identify charge capture errors precisely, so as to pinpoint when and where their occurrence to decreasing revenue loss.
The assessment finding that is most important in determining nursing care for a client with bacterial meningitis is purpura of hands and feet, and cloudy cerebral spinal fluid. The correct options are B and C.
<h3>What is bacterial meningitis?</h3>
Meningitis is an infection of the membranes that protect the spinal cord and brain (meninges). Infection causes the membranes to swell and press on the spinal cord or brain.
This can lead to significant complications. Meningitis symptoms appear suddenly and rapidly worsen.
Purpura of the hands and feet, as well as cloudy cerebral spinal fluid, are the most important assessment findings in determining nursing care for a client with bacterial meningitis.
Thus, the correct options are B and C.
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Your question seems incomplete, the missing options are:
A. Pain and stiffness of the extremities
B. Purpura of hands and feet
C. Cloudy cerebral spinal fluid
D. Low red blood cell (RBC) count
E. Low white blood cell (WBC) count
F. Low antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels
In small children or infants, a foreign body obstruction of the airway should be suspected if there is a sudden onset of <u>respiratory distress</u>
Signs of FBAO include a sudden onset of respiratory distress with coughing, gagging, stridor, or wheezing.
<h3>What is Foreign body airway obstruction(FBAO)?</h3>
Foreign object airway obstruction: Partial or complete obstruction of the airway to the lungs by a foreign object (food, beads, toys, etc.). Shortness of breath episodes can occur suddenly with a cough. Restlessness is common in the early stages of airway obstruction. Symptoms of shortness of breath include difficult and ineffective breathing (apnea) until the patient stops breathing. Loss of consciousness occurs if the obstruction is not removed.
Severe or complete foreign-body airway obstruction can kill the victim in minutes if he doesn't get appropriate treatment. The primary technique to clear an obstruction in a conscious adult is administration of abdominal thrusts—the Heimlich maneuver.
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