the under-supply problem associated with free-riders and public goods can be solved by making the good or service more excludable
What is public goods ?
A public good is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous in economic terms. Users cannot be denied access to or use of such goods for failing to pay for them. Furthermore, use by one person neither prevents nor reduces the availability of others.
A public good is a commodity or service that is made available to all members of a society in economics. These services are typically administered by governments and funded collectively through taxation. Law enforcement, national defense, and the rule of law are examples of public goods.
Defense, lighthouses, streetlamps, and clean air are all examples of public goods. They are all non-exclusive and non-rivalrous in terms of the public good.
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