If the production of a good created both external costs and external benefits, but the external costs were greater, without government intervention, a market economy will not produce the product at all.
In the production and consumption of goods and services, there exist costs that are passed on to a third party. The general public, who is ultimately responsible for paying for them, is in fact subsidizing goods and services with external costs.
External costs are still necessary to be paid for even when they are not included in the product's price. It is ultimately the responsibility of society as a whole to pay for external costs through taxes, accident compensation, medical expenditures, insurance premiums, deterioration in environmental quality, and losses in natural capital.
Usually, the price of goods and services includes External costs, which results in a higher overall cost. Because consumers frequently select the lowest options, clean, sustainable products have a pricing disadvantage.
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Answer:
shifts the short-run Phillips curve up
Explanation:
The Phillips curve is a graph that shows the relationship between inflation and unemployment. In the short run, there is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment. The Phillip curve submits that high inflation is the cost to pay for economic growth. economic growth is accompanied by low unemployment. In the long run, there is no trade-off between inflation and unemployment.
An increase in expected inflation leads to an upward shift of the Phillips curve in the short run. Unemployment would stay unchanged. While a decrease in expected inflation leads to a downward shift of the Phillips curve
Stagflation in the 1970s have disproved the Phillips curve. Stagflation is when there is high unemployment and high inflation
Answer:
Differentiation.
Explanation:
The concept of value for the customer corresponds to the expectation that the product will meet the needs, desires and features that he expects.
The customer's perception of the concept of value is affected in rational and irrational ways, such as brand image, product performance, high price, etc.
Therefore, when a company offers a product at a higher price, it is passing on to the consumer the higher production cost of an item, which has features that add greater value and functionality, such as differentiation, personalization or an unforgettable customer experience.
Differentiated products are those produced in a more heterogeneous way compared to standard products, therefore differentiated products have distinct characteristics that add greater value, such as new features, technology, design, durability, style, etc.
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Answer:
a. What is the MRP per driver per day?
- the marginal revenue product per driver = 60 packages x $20 = $1,200 per day
b. Now suppose that a union forces the company to place a supervisor in each vehicle at a cost of $300 per supervisor per day. The presence of the supervisor causes the number of packages delivered per vehicle per day to rise to 60 packages per day What is the MRP per supervisor per day? By how much per vehicle per day do firm profits fall after supervisors are introduced?
- if the drivers were already delivering 60 packages per day without the supervisor, then the addition of the supervisor doesn't change anything. So the MRP of the supervisor is $0. That means that the company's profits will decrease by $300 per day due to the supervisors.
c. How many packages per day would each vehicle have to deliver in order to maintain the firm's profit per vehicle after supervisors are introduced?
- $300 / 20 = 15 packages per day
- in order to maintain the profit per vehicle, each team of delivery man + supervisor should be able to deliver 75 packages per day.
d. Suppose that the number of packages delivered per day cannot be increased but that the price per deliver might potentially be raised. What price would the firm have to charge for each delivery in order to maintain the firm's profit per vehicle after supervisors are introduced?
- $300 / 60 = $5
- the price of each package delivered should increase by $5 to $25 per package.
