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suter [353]
2 years ago
13

Improved bone regeneration through amniotic membrane loaded with buccal fat pad-derived MSCs as an adjuvant in maxillomandibular

reconstruction
Biology
1 answer:
muminat2 years ago
7 0

Mesenchymal stem cells and HAM together may improve bone repair, especially in the horizontal dimension. Additionally, this technology lessens secondary bone resorption and the quantity of collected autogenous bone.

HAM:

  • Background: Human amniotic membranes (HAMs), a biological membrane with potential for cell therapy, osteogenesis, and healing, have come under the spotlight as a way to improve the results of treating bone abnormalities. The goal of the current study is to clinically evaluate the possibility of HAM loaded with stem cells from the buccal fat pad (BFSCs) as an osteogenic covering for only bone transplants to maxillomandibular bone lesions.
  • Materials and methods: The current investigation included nine patients with jaw bone abnormalities. Iliac crest bone graft with HAM covering (n = 5) and iliac bone grafts coated with HAM loaded with BFSCs (n = 4) were the two study groups that the patients were divided into. Cone beam computed tomography was carried out for radio morphometric characterization five months after the grafting and before the installation of the implant.
  • Results: The mean increase in bone width was found to be significantly greater in the HAM + BFSCs group (4.42 ± 1.03 mm versus3.07 ± 0.73 mm, p < 0.05). Further, the changes in vertical dimension were greater in the HAM + BFSCs group (4.66 ± 1.06mm versus 4.14 ± 1.03 mm, p > 0.05).

Learn more about  HAM here brainly.com/question/25199209

#SPJ4

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Why is glycolysis an appropriate term for this step of cellular respiration?
saw5 [17]
Hello!

It means sugar splitting, which is exactly what is happening, glucose is broken down into three carbon sugars.


I really hope my answer helped you out! :)
5 0
3 years ago
Electron transport chains associated with ATP production in plant cells are located in
Flauer [41]

Answer:

D) the thylakoid and mitochondrial inner membranes.  

Explanation:

Electron transport chain in plant cells is used for extracting sunlight energy via redox reactions through the process of photosynthesis. This process occurs in chloroplast (thylakoid membrane), where light energy is transformed into chemical energy, that leads to the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. Formed H+ gradient is used for the ATP synthesis.

In all eukaryotes, including plants, electron transport chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation (production of ATP) through the action of ATP synthase.

5 0
3 years ago
Explain Nitrogen cycle [ step by step ]
Len [333]

Explanation:

Nitrogen is essential to life because it is a key component of proteins and nucleic acids. Nitrogen occurs in many forms and is continuously cycled among these forms by a variety of bacteria. Although nitrogen is abundant in the atmosphere as diatomic nitrogen gas (N2), it is extremely stable, and conversion to other forms requires a great deal of energy. Historically, the biologically available forms NO3- and NH3 have often been limited; however, current anthropogenic processes, such as fertilizer production, have greatly increased the availability of nitrogen to living organisms. The cycling of nitrogen among its many forms is a complex process that involves numerous types of bacteria and environmental conditions.

In general, the nitrogen cycle has five steps:

Nitrogen fixation (N2 to NH3/ NH4+ or NO3-)

Nitrification (NH3 to NO3-)

Assimilation (Incorporation of NH3 and NO3- into biological tissues)

Ammonification (organic nitrogen compounds to NH3)

Denitrification(NO3- to N2)

Nitrogen Fixation

Nitrogen fixation is the process by which gaseous nitrogen (N2) is converted to ammonia (NH3 or NH4+) via biological fixation or nitrate (NO3-) through high-energy physical processes. N2 is extremely stable and a great deal of energy is required to break the bonds that join the two N atoms. N2 can be converted directly into NO3- through processes that exert a tremendous amount of heat, pressure, and energy. Such processes include combustion, volcanic action, lightning discharges, and industrial means. However, a greater amount of biologically available nitrogen is naturally generated via the biological conversion of N2 to NH3/ NH4+. A small group of bacteria and cyanobacteria are capable using the enzyme nitrogenase to break the bonds among the molecular nitrogen and combine it with hydrogen.

Nitrogenase only functions in the absence of oxygen. The exclusion of oxygen is accomplished by many means. Some bacteria live beneath layers of oxygen-excluding slime on the roots of certain plants. The most important soil dwelling bacteria, Rhizobium, live in oxygen-free zones in nodules on the roots of legumes and some other woody plants. Aquatic filamentous cyanobacteria utilize oxygen-excluding cells called heterocysts.

Nitrification

Nitrification is a two-step process in which NH3/ NH4+ is converted to NO3-. First, the soil bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrococcus convert NH3 to NO2-, and then another soil bacterium, Nitrobacter, oxidizes NO2- to NO3-. These bacteria gain energy through these conversions, both of which require oxygen to occur.

Assimilation

Assimilation is the process by which plants and animals incorporate the NO3- and ammonia formed through nitrogen fixation and nitrification. Plants take up these forms of nitrogen through their roots, and incorporate them into plant proteins and nucleic acids. Animals are then able to utilize nitrogen from the plant tissues.

Ammonification

Assimilation produces large quantities of organic nitrogen, including proteins, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Ammonification is the conversion of organic nitrogen into ammonia. The ammonia produced by this process is excreted into the environment and is then available for either nitrification or assimilation.

Denitrification

Denitrification is the reduction of NO3- to gaseous N2 by anaerobic bacteria. This process only occurs where there is little to no oxygen, such as deep in the soil near the water table. Hence, areas such as wetlands provide a valuable place for reducing excess nitrogen levels via denitrification processes.

Common Forms of Nitrogen

The most common forms of inorganic nitrogen in the environment are diatomic nitrogen gas (N2), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), ammonia (NH3), and ammonium (NH4+). The species that predominate depend on the chemical, physical, and biological environment.

In aquatic environments, the presence of nitrogen as unionized ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+) is dependent on the pH and temperature.

When the pH is below 8.75, NH4+ predominates. Increases in pH signify increases in the hydroxyl ion (OH-) concentration of the water, meaning the above reaction will shift to the left in order to reach equilibrium. Above a pH of 9.75, NH3 predominates (Hem, 1985). NH3 is a more toxic to aquatic life. If biological assimilation of NH3 is not occurring at a sufficient rate, NH3 may accumulate and cause detrimental effects to aquatic life.

In soils, NH4+ ions are strongly sorbed by clay particles and organic matter, which have a net negative surface charge. In alkaline soils, NH4+ will be converted to NH3 gas, and lost to the atmosphere. Under warm growing conditions, NH4+ in the soil will be transformed to NO3- via nitrification. NO3- is very soluble, and can easily be leached from soils under wet conditions.

3 0
3 years ago
What can you add to battery acid to significantly change the ph
Korvikt [17]
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4 0
3 years ago
34. Which of the following types of nucleic acid is NOT a pyrimidine, a type of biomolecule, which makes up an organism’s genome
igomit [66]

Answer: a. Adenine

Explanation:

Two types of chemically similar nucleic acids, DNA (deoxyribonucleic  acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are the principal  information-carrying molecules of the cell. The bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine are detected in both DNA and RNA while thymine is observed only in DNA, and uracil is located only in RNA. When it comes to defining the nucleic acid-based in the nature of its nitrogen- and carbon-containing ring structure we have the variation that answers the question. While b. Uracil, c. Cytosine, and d. Thymine only contains a single ring, which we call pyrimidines, the biomolecule a. Adenine contains a pair of fused rings that we call purines, the right answer for the question.

7 0
3 years ago
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