The journey taken to the Holy land to take land back from the Muslims was the Crusade. When the Turks took control they started to stop letting Christian pilgrims in.
Pope Urban's speech was made here, urging rescue of the holy land. This was the Council of Clermont. This was the beginning of the first crusade and the speech was held in 1095.
The Seljuk Turks were the group that stopped Christians from visiting the Holy Land in 1071. They prosecuted many Christians, mostly in Syria and Palestine.
The Third Crusade was led by 3 kings. This was till 1189-1192. This did not learn to Richard the Lionheart getting Jerusalem, but the pilgrims could now visit the Holy Land.
The First Crusade was led by unskilled peasants and knights in 1096-1099. This was the Crusade that was the most successful and got the Turks out of Jerusalem.
The Fourth Crusade was led by French knights and went against the Pope. This took place during 1202-1204 and the Crusaders actually ended up taking Constantinople instead of the Holy Land.
Hi. I think the details of what the author said were not included in your post. I researched and found similar question but with the additional information. Here's my answer:
According to the author, the conditions in Europe during 800's was chaotic. The Frankish Empire was disintegrated to federation of feudal lords, Church did not have power, knights forcing the peasants to pay taxes. Muslims controlled Spain.
Answer:
fjord a deep, high-walled coastal valley created by glacier movement and filled by the waters of melting glaciers
polder land below sea level from which water has been removed
deciduous trees that lose their leaves in the fall
di ke da m
loess fine-grained, fertile soil
Iberian of Spain and Portugal
navigable a safe place for ships to dock
mistral a strong, dry, cold north or northwestern wind
cyclone a severe windstorm characterized by spiraling winds
sirocco a windstorm that blows up clouds of dust or sand
glacier a slow-moving river of snow and ice that moves on the Earth's surface
drought a long period of dry weather resulting in water shortages
