Richter's original magnitude scale (ML) was extended to observations of earthquakes of any distance and of focal depths ranging between 0 and 700 km. Because earthquakes excite both body waves, which travel into and through the Earth, and surface waves, which are constrained to follow the natural waveguide of the Earth's uppermost layers, two magnitude scales evolved - the MB and MS scales.
The standard body-wave magnitude formula is
MB = log10(A/T) + Q(D,h) ,
where A is the amplitude of ground motion (in microns); T is the corresponding period (in seconds); and Q(D,h) is a correction factor that is a function of distance, D (degrees), between epicenter and station and focal depth, h (in kilometers), of the earthquake. The standard surface-wave formula is
MS = log10 (A/T) + 1.66 log10 (D) + 3.30 .
There are many variations of these formulas that take into account effects of specific geographic regions so that the final computed magnitude is reasonably consistent with Richter's original definition of ML. Negative magnitude values are permissible.
Plasma is the fourth state of matter. Plasma is an ionized gas, a gas into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to allow both species, ions and electrons to coexist.
Answer:
Amino acids.
Explanation:
DNA is the genetic material of all the organisms except some viruses. DNA has the ability to replicate and produce daughter DNA cells by the process of replication.
DNA is made of polymers of nucleotides. DNA consists of nitrogenous base, in which adenine is linked with thymine, cytosine with guanine thriugh hydrogen bonding ,shows complementary base pairing. Pentose deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group. The DNA molecules are linked together through phosphodiester bonds. Amino acids is present in protein.
Thus, the answer is option (4).
Answer:
The correct answer is: option D. all of the above.
Explanation:
In sexual reproduction, two opposite gender gametes are fused together to form a zygote by the process called fertilization which forms the new organism that is genetically unique.
In diatoms, sexual reproduction caused various types of advantages such as higher or enhanced genetic variability as recombination occurs. It also helps the ability to responding to environmental change Increasing the population or species size and other.
Thus, the correct answer is: option D. all of the above.
Depression is the most common mental health diagnosis
