Verbal abuse- Also known as "verbal bullying", verbal abuse is to use (typically false) superior strength to scare [someone], usually to force her/him to do what the bullier wants or to make the victim feel negatively through words.
Verbal abuse can harm the victim by making them feel inadequate or negatively. This can lead to self harm, bad moods, suicidal thinking, or even death itself.
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Answer:
The burn may be classified as a <u>Fourth-degree burn with 31 % of TBSA.</u>
<u></u>
Explanation:
There are 4 types of burn classifications: Superficial burn <u>(first-degree)</u>, Superficial partial thickness burn or Deep partial thickness burn<u> (second-degree),</u> Full thickness burn <u>(third-degree),</u> and Fourth-degree burn.
<h3>Superficial burn or First-degree burn</h3>
- Involved layer is <u>epidermis</u>
- It appears red <u>without blisters</u> with <u>dry</u> texture
- With sensation of <u>pain is present</u>
- Healing time <u>within 5 - 10 days</u> and heals well with <u>no complications</u>.
<h3>Superficial partial thickness burn/Deep partial thickness burn or Second-degree burn</h3>
- It extends to the <u>dermis</u>. (<em>papillary</em> for superficial, <em>reticular</em> for deep)
- <u>Blanches with pressure</u>, <u>with or without blistering</u>, <u>red to yellow, white appearance, moist to dry texture</u>
- It still presents <u>with pain</u>, superficial and deep.
- Healing may take <u>2-3 weeks for superficial, 3-8 weeks for deep</u>. Local infection may occur and scarring may ensue.
<h3>Full thickness burn (Third-degree)</h3>
- Destroys the <u>entire dermis.</u>
- <u>Stiff with white-brown appearance</u>, <u>NO blanching, with leathery texture.</u>
- <u>Painless</u>
- <u>Long time needed for recovery</u>. It may need surgical removal of dead tissue.
<h3>Fourth-degree burn</h3>
- Encompasses the <u>whole layer of skin and underlying fat, exposing the bones and/or muscles.</u>
- <u>Black and charred (eschar), dry texture.</u>
- <u>Painless</u>
- Definitely <u>needs surgical removal of dead tissue</u> to allow recovery.
- It may also cause <u>significant functional disability</u>.
<h3 /><h3>Wallace “Rule of Nines” </h3>
To determine for the burn percentage, we use the <em>Wallace “Rule of Nines” </em>chart. It <u>estimates the percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) that has been destroyed by burns</u>. The diagram attached shows the body divided into multiple sections which represent 9% of the body surface area.
For the example, we have the following given and corresponding percentages:
- Entire surface of the right lower limb - 18% (the whole right leg is affected, front and back, so that's 18%)
- Entire surface of right trunk - 9% (The trunk is 18% in whole, but in this example, only the right trunk is affected, so that's 9%)
- Anterior surface of the right upper limb - 4.5% (Only the front surface of the right arm is affected so it's 4.5%)
% TSBA = 18 + 9 + 4.5
<h3><u>
% TSBA = 31.5 %</u></h3>
The lungs recoil to force the air out of the lungs. The intercostal muscles relax, returning the chest wall to its original position. The diaphragm also relaxes, moving higher into the thoracic cavity.