The answer is B. The Marshall Plan was made to lend mainly Germany money post-war, however what the US really wanted to happen was the Germans would take the money to pay back Britain and France who would then in turn pay the US back for aid lenses during the war. Although in the end it resulted in massive inflation in Germany and caused a worldwide economic slump that last for almost a decade because in the end the money wasn't making its way around the circle.
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Andrew Carnegie wrote the gospel of wealth in 1889 in which he argued that wealthy men had a responsibility to use their wealth for the greater good of the society. He believed in laissez-faire economics rewarded those willing to take risks but with success comes great responsibility. <em>According to him Social Darwinism was not about the survival of fittest but about the fittest one of the society should help others to survive.</em>
Biological determinism is a canard that has repeatedly been explained away by evolutionary informed scientists since time immemorial. Humans are an inextricable mix of their genes and their environments. As a matter of fact, genes get turned on or off as a function of environmental inputs. Evolutionary-based cognitive computational systems take information from the environment to get activated. Natural selection itself, the foundational mechanism of evolution, is shaped by the selective forces within a specific environment. Hence, there is no such thing as biological determinism.
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Nationalism is positive because it serves as a uniting force. The recent World Cup united each country, where people came together as hopefuls for their team and, ultimately, their country. These fans were united in cheering for their players and equally united in recovering from defeat. This illustrates the resilience of national identity. By having a strong sense of who we are, shame and fright become foreign concepts. We become bold and confident, sometimes overly so.
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