Answer:
d. Digital rectal examination and PSA testing have been proven ineffective.
Explanation:
The prostate is a small gland in the male reproductive system and is usually the shape and size of a walnut. Current methods to determine if a prostate has become cancerous include a physical exam (known as a digital rectal exam or DRE), magnetic resonance imaging, a biopsy, or tests to determine prostate-specific chemical antigen (PSA) levels in the blood.
Prostate cancer is considered a cancer of the elderly, since most cases are registered in men over 60 years. The most effective techniques for screening for this cancer are annual screening exams - which include the blood-drawn PSA test and digital rectal touch - are recommended for all men aged 50 and over.
Answer:
help the digestive system break down food quickly
Clotting cascade refers to the series of reactions which take place simultaneously and result in blood clotting. The clotting cascade is a complex set of negative feed back mechanism which is used by the human body to maintain homeostasis. The clotting cascade can be triggered either by intrinsic or extrinsic release of chemical mediators. The reaction occur in this order:
Intrinsic factor < activation of common clotting pathway < platelet lipids are released < prothrombin < fibrinogen < fibrin formation < stabilized fibrin clot.
Two examples of anticoagulant medication that affect the pathway are heparin and warfarin
A large and naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat
