1. Explain why neither cyclins nor kinases alone can cause a cell to progress through the cell cycle.
As cyclin accumulates, it activates their kinases that turn on the pathway to mitotic spindle formation, and so on.
2. How do controls of the cell cycle protect multi-cellular organisms from accumulating large numbers of damaged or defective cells?
The checkpoint control is responsible for multi-cellular organisms for not accumulating large numbers of damaged or defective cells. Checkpoint controls consist of proteins that detect mistakes and damage and quickly halt the cell cycle until repairs are made. When this occurs, the cell is said to be in cell-cycle <span>arrest.
</span>3. What is the difference between a cancerous tumor and metastasis?
Cancer is cause by mutations in the genes that encode these proteins can lead to uncontrolled growth. Cancer is when there is uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction. Metastasis is caused by tumors when they grow and interfere with the surrounding tissue or cells and break off and spread around the body. Cancerous tumors cause metastasis, and tumors are caused by mutations in genes that lead to uncontrolled growth.
4. What are the functions of tumor-suppressor genes and protoncogenes in noncancerous cells?
The genes that encode the checkpoint proteins are called tumor suppressors because they suppress the development of cells into tumors. If mutations inactivate these genes, the cell-cycle break is removed with or without a signal from the outside. Proto-oncogene’s are involved in promoting cell division, mutations can cause them to become oncogenes, or cancer genes which stimulate cells to leave G0 and divide whether or not it is a signal.
It is the natural/genetic ability of an organism to avoid or repel attack by biotic agents (pests etc.) or to withstand the effects of abiotic agents example (chemicals).
Answer:
The males can only either be black or orange
Explanation:
There can be no male calico because for an offspring to be a calico the two codominant alleles must each be carried on the two X chromosomes and in the males, there is the presence of just one X chromosomes, thus they can either be black or be orange. For the females, the can only be black if they carry the black allele on both X chromosomes, the same goes for the orange.
Parents XB Y
XB XBXB <u>XBY</u>
XC XCXB <u> XCY </u>
XBY- black male
XCY- orange male
Answer:
How can examining specimens under a microscope help scientists classify an organism? It can help scientists classify an organism because they can see it super close up. In plant cells, how are chloroplasts and mitochondria related?
Explanation:
