Answer:
P (actually that randomly selected person has diabetes given as given by the lab) = 0.7725
Explanation:
A probability is a number, between 0 and 1, expressing the precise likelihood of an event happening.
Probability (person actually has diabetes) = 5.9%
P(lab test says that they have diabetes) = 0.0764
P (actually that randomly selected person has diabetes given as given by the lab) = 0.7725
Workings shown in the figure below.
Answer:
DNA vaccines consist of DNA vectors or plasmids (small double-stranded DNA rings originally derived from bacteria, but unable to cause infection) into which the genes encoding one or more immunizing proteins of the infectious agent have been inserted causing the disease to be prevented.
Explanation:
Vectors are the functional unit of naked DNA vaccines. Genes that encode the proteins of interest and are of bacterial origin are inserted into these vectors. Bacterial plasmids are circular DNA molecules that self-replicate extrachromosomally in bacteria. The genes encoded in these plasmids are under the control of promoters, almost always of viral origin. When a plasmid is introduced into the cell it translocates to the nucleus, where transcription of the transgene begins; the transcripts are then taken to the cytoplasm and translated there. The newly synthesized proteins are degraded in the proteasome to 8-10 amino acid peptides, which are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum. Peptides of high affinity with their respective MHC I molecule stabilize and enter the secretory pathway, thus reaching the cell surface, where they are coupled with the T-lymphocyte receptor (TcR) present on the surface of T lymphocytes cytotoxic drugs (CD8 +) to induce their activation.
The DNA virus uses nucleus of the host to replicate it genetic material since it lack reverse transcriptase enzyme.The similarities between the DNA virus with human protein it make difficult to treat this virus without damaging the host cell.
while
RNA virus has reverse transcriptase enzyme which is used to replicate its genetic material, but it lack ability to check errors, which led to higher mutation rate.The transcriptase enzyme is used to make vaccine which is used to treat RNA virus
Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
Osmosis is the passage of water molecules from a high water concentration region through a selectively permeable membrane to a low water concentration region.
In diffusion, selectively permeable membrane is neither required nor involved while in osmosis, it is involved.
During interphase (1), chromatin is in its least condensed state and appears loosely distributed throughout the nucleus. Chromatin condensation begins during prophase (2) and chromosomes become visible. Chromosomes remain condensed throughout the various stages of mitosis (2-5).
