Adding -s is the most common. for example: books, cups, pencils, etc. -es might have been the one that confused you, but that isn't a super common ending for plurals--instead, a more common one would be "-ies" which is when you drop the y (berry becomes berries, for example).
I think the answer is b,c, and d
I hope this helps
The answer correct answer is b
example;
broad topic: Depression
narrowed topic: what causes depression?
Targeted question: What studies in the past have shown a direct correlation between substance abuse and depression?
The witches say the weather is both good and bad
