Circulatory- INCLUDES: Heart, blood vessels, blood lymph nodes and vessels, lymph FUNCTIONS: Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases
Digestive- INCLUDES: Mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and small and large intestines. FUNCTIONS: Extracts and absorbs nutrients from food; removes wastes; maintains water and chemical balances.
Endocrine- INCLUDES: Hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, and many other endocrine glands. FUNCTIONS: Regulates body temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction; maintains homeostasis; regulates concentration of body fluids.
Excretory- INCLUDES: Kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, skin, lungs FUNCTIONS: Removes wastes from blood; regulates conccentration of body fluids.
Immune- INCLUDES: White blood cells, lymph nodes and vessels, skin. FUNCTIONS: Defends against pathogens and disease.
Integumentary - INCLUDES: Skin, nails, hair FUNCTIONS: Protects against injury, infection, and fluid loss; helps regulate body temperature.
Muscular- INCLUDES: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues. FUNCTIONS: Moves limbs and trunk; moves substances through body; provides structure and support.
Nervous- INCLUDES: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs. FUNCTIONS: Regulates behavior; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems; controls sensory and motor fuctions.
Repertory- INCLUDES: Lungs, nose, mouth, trachea. FUNCTIONS: Moves air into and out of lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs.
Skeletal- INCLUDES: Bones and joints. FUNCTIONS: Protects and supports the body and organs; interacts with skeletal muscles, producs red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
A pulse with unpredictable pattern is termed as an <em />irregularly irregular pulse. This kind of pulse coincides with an irregularly irregular heart rhythm seen in those with severe arrhythmias such as 3rd degree AV block. In contrast, there is a pulse that is irregular but has a predictable pattern termed as regularly irregular.
Anaerobic respiration refers to the break down of food (sugar) in absence of oxygen in order to produce energy (ATP or adenosine triphosphate).
In yeast, alcoholic fermentation takes place by which glucose is converted into ethanol (alcohol), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and energy (ATP). It helps in regeneration of NAD⁺ lost during glycolysis. No electron transport chain is required in this process.
The overall reaction can be written as:
Glucose → Pyruvate → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + ATP.
Contrary, in anaerobic bacteria respiration takes place by using electron acceptor other than oxygen such as sulfate, nitrate, sulfur, fumarate etc. Hence, electrons are passed through a electron transport chain which are finally accepted by any molecule other than oxygen.
Other molecules have less oxidizing potential as compared to the oxygen and thus less energy is released per oxidizing molecule. It makes the anaerobic respiration less efficient as compared to the aerobic respiration.
Examples of anaerobic microbes are methanogens (<em>Methanosarcina barkeri </em>uses CO₂ as final electron acceptor), Desulfuromonadales (uses sulfur as final electron acceptor) etc.
There are two types of ossification, direct (intramembranous) or indirect (endochondral). The first originates the skull and face bones; the second occurs in most bones.
