Disulfide bonds are interconnections between chains (or between parts of a chain) formed by the oxidation of cysteine radicals, this reaction is catalyzed by specific enzymes.
Intracellular proteins have no disulfide bonds, which are more common in proteins secreted into the extracellular environment.
Disulfide bonds do not form in the cytoplasm because there are a lot of reducers in the cytoplasm (intracellular environment) , making the disulfide bonds unstable. The reducing environment of cytoplasm causes disulfide bonds (S-S) to return to the form of cysteine groups (-SH).
Starch is a high molecular weight substance; therefore, it is insoluble to our cells. It needs to be broken down to simple sugars like glucose in order for it to be dissolved/absorbed in our blood. This is because simple sugars has smaller molecular weights and are more soluble.
