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The Alaska Purchase (Russian: Продажа Аляски, romanized: Prodazha Aliaski, meaning "Sale of Alaska") was the United States' acquisition of Alaska from the Russian Empire. Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867, through a treaty ratified by the United States Senate.
Russia had established a presence in North America during the first half of the 18th century, but few Russians ever settled in Alaska. In the aftermath of the Crimean War, Russian Tsar Alexander II began exploring the possibility of selling Alaska, which would be difficult to defend in any future war from being conquered by Russia's main archrival, the United Kingdom. Following the end of the American Civil War, U.S. Secretary of State William Seward entered into negotiations with Russian minister Eduard de Stoeckl for the purchase of Alaska. Seward and Stoeckl agreed to a treaty on March 30, 1867, and the treaty was ratified by the United States Senate by a wide margin.
The purchase added 586,412 square miles (1,518,800 km2) of new territory to the United States for the cost of $7.2 million 1867 dollars (one cent per acre). In modern terms, the cost was equivalent to $132 million in 2019 dollars or $0.37 per acre.[1] Reactions to the purchase in the United States were mostly positive, as many believed possession of Alaska would serve as a base to expand American trade in Asia. Some opponents labeled the purchase as "Seward's Folly", or "Seward's Icebox",[2] as they contended that the United States had acquired useless land. Nearly all Russian settlers left Alaska in the aftermath of the purchase; Alaska would remain sparsely populated until the Klondike Gold Rush began in 1896. Originally organized as the Department of Alaska, the area was renamed the District of Alaska (1884) and the Alaska Territory (1912) before becoming the modern State of Alaska in 1959.
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Answer:lost her job and was barred from practicing law
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John Adams was criticized for defending the British soldiers in court
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The Bessemer process was invented by Henry Bessemer and was used for the production of steel from molten pig iron.
The Bessemer process had the following advantages:
1. Steel could now be produced in bulk
2. The process of making steel became less labor-intensive
3.Due to its small and compact size, major repairs can be carried out within short periods of time
Shortfalls of the Bessemer process:
1. The Bessemer process was not able to remove the phosphorous found in the Pig iron of some types effectively, thus making it inefficient in that aspect
2. Steel produced through the Bessemer process always had retention of a small amount of Nitrogen from the air blast which adversely affected its structural stability and longevity when used for construction.
3. The Bessemer process usually produces inferior quality steel associated with blow holes and inclusions
Logrolling, which by definition is “the exchange of support or favors, especially by legislators for mutual political gain as by voting for each other's bills.”
