Meaning: A dark color or material obtained by heating organic matter or wood.
Answer:
c. Factors 1 and 2 may be influenced by both nature and human factors
Explanation:
The sea level rising and the change in the atmospheric gases are both processes that are influenced by the nature, as well as by the human activities. Naturally, the earth has its own cycles, known as Milankovich cycles, through which the Earth warms up, or cools down, resulting in change of the atmospheric gases, and in accordance to that, change in the sea levels depending on the global climate. The humans to have become a big factor in the past few hundred years. The reason for that is that the humans with their activity started to release lot of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, especially CO2 and methane. That has been changing the composition of the atmosphere, and the temperatures have been rising. The higher the temperatures, the more ice is melting around the poles and on the high mountains, resulting in an increase in the sea levels.
For both ectotherms and endotherms, metabolic rate tends to increase as mass increases
As the masses of the dinosaurs increase, how do their metabolic rates change? How does this compare to living animals?
>> As with living animals, the higher a dinosaur’s mass, the higher its metabolic rate.
Answer:
Immune system of the body helps in fighting with the infectious agents that are foreign for the body. So the immune system protects us from infection.
When any foreign substance(antigen) comes in the body B-lymphocyte recognize it by binding the antigen through its receptor. After recognizing the antigen, B cell divides into antibody-producing plasma cell and memory cell.
Antibodies produced by plasma cells help in destroying the antigen by getting the antigen recognized by phagocytic cells or by complement activation.
B cells are antigen-presenting cell which present antigen to T cell and then T cell activates and produce chemicals that kill the antigen. Therefore the immune system has many immune cells that activate when an antigen comes in the body. This is how the immune system functions.
