The water particle are moving faster which cause the to expand
A liverwort is a flowerless, spore-producing plant.
The noncyclic pathway is a FLOW of electrons from water, to photosystem II, to PHOTOSYSTEM I to NADPH. Energy is released as ELECTRONS move through the first electron transfer chain. This energy pumps HYDROGEN IONS into the thylakoid compartment, and then they power the formation of ATP as they flow back out. Sunlight provides the energy needed to keep this cycle going.
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- Luminous energy is trapped by chlorophyll in Photosystem II.
- When the pigment molecules absorb light, electrons provided by water molecules get in a higher energy level.
- The excited electrons go through the electron transport chain from Photosystem II to a less energetic level in photosystem I.
- <em>When the excited electrons leave photosystem II, they are replaced by new electrons extracted from the water molecules. </em>
- Luminous energy absorbed move the electrons from the photosystem I to another electron acceptor, from where they get transported again and used to produce NADPH molecules.
- <em>When electrons leave Photosystem I, they are replaced by new electrons coming from photosystem II. </em>
- When the water molecule breaks down, hydrogen ions remain in the thylakoid lumen, from where they are pumped to the stroma by the ATP synthase.
- The released energy is used to produce ATP molecules.
- Hydrogen ions go back from the stroma to the thylakoid compartment.
The final products are oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.
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Diffusion is the type of transport that oxygen and carbon dioxide use to cross the cell membrane
The simple answer is that in a battery the chemical reactions that produce the electrical current are produced from materials that are already in the battery itself, whereas in a fuel cell, the reactants, almost always Hydrogen and Oxygen are fed to the cell like an external fuel.
. However, while a battery makes electricity from the energy it has stored inside the battery, a fuel cell makes its electricity from fuel in an external fuel tank This means that while a battery may run dead, a fuel cell will make electricity as long as fuel is supplied. For hydrogen fuel cells, hydrogen is the fuel and it's stored in a tank connected to the fuel cell. When hydrogen in the tank runs low, you refill it, or replace it with a full tank.