Before the development of new criticism and formalism, the common approach to interpreting literature was traditional literary criticism.
Traditional Literary criticism was used before the development of formalism and new criticism to interpret literature. Traditional literary criticism focuses on the author's biographical information and how it influences the work.
This criticism ignores reader response and focuses upon the author, time period, and text alone. Traditional literary criticism places the text back into the period which it came from in order for the reader to better understand the intent of the author.
Hence, before the development of new criticism and formalism, the literature was was interpreted by traditional literary criticism.
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Scientific Management focused on handling people with less conflict and building trust between the management and the workers to achieve higher efficiency and productivity. Administrative principles approach focused on the organization rather than the workers. In Administrative approach, they achieve higher efficiency and productivity by controlling, organizing, planning and commanding individual workers.
Answer:
The term is affirmative action.
Explanation:
Affirmative actions aim to include minorities in labor force as well as educational institutions. They are policies instituted by the government. As we know, there are several groups that have been, throughout history, deprived of their rights. Affirmative actions come as a way to correct that mistake by giving people belonging to those groups equal opportunities and access to employment and education.
