Supercoiling is an important property of DNA tertiary structure that affects essential processes such as replication and transcription. Negative supercoiling is very important. Negative supercoiling causes unwinding of DNA and it makes the DNA strand ready for biological processes such as replication and transcription. Negative supercoiling is introduced in a DNA with the help of enzyme topoisomerase enzymes I and II. In bacteria topoisomerase enzyme II is called gyrase.
Answer:
Diffusion forces protons to travel through ATP synthase because the membrane is not permeable to protons
Explanation:
ATP synthase is the enzyme that allow the production of ATP from adenosine diphosphate. The ATP synthase allows is the protein found in the cell membrane, which allow protons to pass through the membrane.
The concentration gradient can be compared to diffusion of water where particles move from region of higher concentration to lower concentration through a permeable membrane
In this case, the concentration gradient will force the proton through the membrane , so that, the free energy can be used by ADP to produce ATP.
The flow of a river from the beginning is called the headwater, as its where the water is coming from. Springs are warmer water spots in a big or little space of water. Confluence is when two rivers connect into one. Tributaries are caused when rivers flow out into a larger river or lake. The mouth of the river flows from a larger source into a smaller one, commonly a stream or river.
DNA contains the instructions for an needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce.
