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gizmo_the_mogwai [7]
3 years ago
13

Which two reservoirs are part of the short-term carbon cycle?

Biology
1 answer:
Marina86 [1]3 years ago
5 0
Oceans and atmosphere
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Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? Sel
Mila [183]

Answer:

Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.

Explanation:

these are signalling molecules that are located inside the cells,They are releases  when cells   are in contact with  signals from an extracellular molecule. the extracellular molecules that cause the chemical  reaction  in an external environment  in the second messenger are called first messenger.

<u>the basic mechanisms of second messenger involve the binding of ligands to the cell membrane receptors( usually a trans membrane protein).causing   conformational  change in the receptor protein. The latter change affect the structural and functional activities of the receptors protein with a consequent  production of second messenger,</u>

<u />

Response of the cells  to the first messenger my cause different form of cellular reactions; the cells may  undergo depolarization  with influx of out flux of ions, differentiate to specialized cells  or migrate to another location.

Examples of first messenger are hormones and neurotransmitters, while calcium ions, cyclic GMP,AMP, diaclyglycerol are examples of first messengers.

Most first messengers are peptide hormones.Some may be streroid, However, the hydrophilic nature of the peptide hormone restrict their movement, at the cell membranes. Therefore most first messengers made of  peptide  are first converted to second messenger to  bring about their signalling effects.The usually mark the beginning of cascade events by second messengers.

Second messengers are usually classified based on their polarity and molecular form this include the

<u> hydrophobic molecules</u> ;diacyglecerol,phosphatdylinotisols. These diffuse  through the membrane  into intramembrane space of cells cause signalling effects in the cell.

<u>the hydrophiliic  molecul</u>es  are  located in the cystol  of cells. Example are  Cylic AMP. GMP, Calcium,

N02, CO,H2S are <u>polar molecules</u> that easily diffuse into the cells to cause signalling effects, they are the third Classification of second messengers.

6 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
What do nonvascular plants use to transport water and nutrients?
Marrrta [24]
They don't use anything. Water and nutrients move through the plants body cell by cell.
7 0
3 years ago
Kristen cut her hand on a piece of glass. As the blood clots, how do white blood cells prevent bacteria on the glass from infect
Mama L [17]

The right option is ; They destroy pathogens that enter the wound  

White blood cells will prevent bacteria on the glass from infecting her blood by destroying the bacteria.

White blood cells are the cells of the immune system that protects the body against infectious disease and pathogens. White blood cells are present in every part of the body including the blood. White blood cells encompass any pathogens in the blood, engulf and break them down so as to destroy them .


3 0
3 years ago
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In a humoral or antibody-mediated immune response, specific B cells are stimulated by Helper T cells to help transform into plas
steposvetlana [31]

Answer:

An important feature that B-cells must have in order to become plasma cells and synthesize antibodies is increased rough endoplasmic reticulum in order to have the surface area needed for antibody production (option A).

Explanation:

The transformation of B cells into plasma cells to produce antibodies is a well known function of lymphocytes related to the immune response. This leads to a series of structural transformations in order to performs their function.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has the function of contributing to protein synthesis, in conjunction with the ribosomes that are attached to it and the information of the mRNA.

<em>One of the changes experienced by B cells in their transition to plasma cells is the availability of larger RERs, in preparation for antibody synthesis, formed mostly by proteins</em>.

Learn more:

Plasma cells and humoral immune response brainly.com/question/1512036

5 0
3 years ago
The solid, outermost layer of the Earth is ___________.
Blizzard [7]

Answer

d.crust

Explanation

because he covered the layer of the earth

6 0
3 years ago
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