In the 176os, Americans in the original thirteen

Oracle bones, found as archaeological remains left behind by the Chang/Shang Dynasty, gave evidence of what?

dimaraw [331]

C- empowers refused to follow many of the seggestions by their bones

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3 years ago

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European History-Answer Quick Will Give Branliest

Stels [109]

Answer:

Charles Darwin (1809–1882)

Context for Darwin:

• Growth of scientific education and institutions

• Declining church attendance and growing secularization

• New social discourses

o Positivism and the growing prestige of science — Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positive

Philosophy (1830–1842); science as culminating point of human intellectual and social

development.

o Materialism — mental and spiritual forces and cultural ideals were seen to be the product of

physical forces; truth found in material existence, not intuition or feeling.

Darwin’s major contributions and ideas

• On the Origin of Species (1859)

o Theory of natural selection articulated as the principle mechanism through which evolution

occurred; similar ideas were developed nearly simultaneously by Alfred R. Wallace (1823–1913).

o More living organisms came into existence than could survive; variety of species is infinite;

new biological forms emerged from older ones.

o Those species possessing unique traits that made survival possible were thought to have a

marginal advantage; only those well adapted to a specific environment survived to reproduce.

o Life constituted a competitive struggle for existence (some textbooks note Darwin borrowing

ideas for this theory from Thomas Malthus).

• The Descent of Man (1871)

o Discussed implications of natural selection for humans.

o Indicated that the human body, consciousness and religious intuition evolved to ensure the

survival of the species.

o A divine being was not needed to provide an image or model for humanity.

Consequences (challenges to traditional ways of thinking)

• Called into question biblical narrative of creation; challenged traditional Judeo-Christian view of nature

as immutable and humanity as the unique creation of God.

• Challenged Enlightenment perspectives.

o Rejected the idea that nature and society were harmonious by focusing instead on ideas of

competition and continual struggle.

o Undermined assumption that nature was tranquil and noble and humans were univers

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3 years ago

What was happening in russia in the 1800s?

mestny [16]

Russia fought the Crimean War (1853-56) with Europe's largest standing army, and Russia's population was greater than that of France and Britain combined, but it failed to defend its territory, the Crimea, from attack. This failure shocked the Russians and demonstrated to them the inadequacy of their weaponry and transport and their economic backwardness relative to the British and French.

Being unable to defend his realm from foreign attack was a great humiliation for Tsar Nicholas I, who died in 1855 toward the end of the war. He was succeeded that year by his eldest son, Alexander II, who feared arousing the Russian people by an inglorious end to the war. But the best he could do was a humiliating treaty, the Treaty of Paris – signed on March 30, 1856. The treaty forbade Russian naval bases or warships on the Black Sea, leaving the Russians without protection from pirates along its 1,000 miles of Black Sea coastline, and leaving unprotected merchant ships that had to pass through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. The treaty removed Russia's claim of protection of Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman Empire, and it allowed the Turks to make the Bosporus a naval arsenal and a place where the fleets of Russia's enemies could assemble to intimidate Russia.

In his manifesto announcing the end of the war, Alexander II promised the Russian people reform, and his message was widely welcomed. Those in Russia who read books were eager for reform, some of them with a Hegelian confidence in historical development. These readers were more nationalistic than Russia's intellectuals had been in the early years of the century. Devotion to the French language and to literature from Britain and Germany had declined since then. The Russians had been developing their own literature, with authors such as Aleksandr Pushkin (1799-1837), Nicolai Gogol (1809-62), Ivan Turgenev (1818-83) and Feodor Dostoievski (1821-81). And Russian literature had been producing a greater recognition of serfs as human beings.

In addition to a more productive economy, many intellectuals hoped for more of a rule of law and for an advance in rights and obligations for everyone – a continuation of autocracy but less arbitrary. From these intellectuals came an appeal for freer universities, colleges and schools and a greater freedom of the press. "It is not light which is dangerous, but darkness," wrote Russia's official historian, Mikhail Pogodin.

And on the minds of reformers was the abolition of serfdom. In Russia were more the 22 million serfs, compared to 4 million slaves in the United States. They were around 44 percent of Russia's population, and described as slaves. They were the property of a little over 100,000 land owning lords (pomeshchiki). Some were owned by religious foundations, and some by the tsar (state peasants). Some labored for people other than their lords, but they had to make regular payments to their lord, with some of the more wealthy lords owning enough serfs to make a living from these payments.

Russia's peasants had become serfs following the devastation from war with the Tartars in the 1200s, when homeless peasants settled on the land owned by the wealthy. By the 1500s these peasants had come under the complete domination of the landowners, and in the 1600s, those peasants working the lord's land or working in the lord's house had become bound to the lords by law, the landowners having the right to sell them as individuals or families. And sexual exploitation of female serfs had become common.

It was the landowner who chose which of his serfs would serve in Russia's military – a twenty-five-year obligation. In the first half of the 1800s, serf uprisings in the hundreds had occurred, and serfs in great number had been running away from their lords. But in contrast to slavery in the United States, virtually no one in Russia was defending serfdom ideologically. There was to be no racial divide or Biblical quotation to argue about. Those who owned serfs defended that ownership merely as selfish interest. Public opinion overwhelmingly favored emancipation, many believing that freeing the serfs would help Russia advance economically to the level at least of Britain or France. Those opposed to emancipation were isolated – among them the tsar's wife and mother, who feared freedom for so many would not be good for Russia.

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3 years ago

After the fall of t Roman Empire,which political force assumed the civic duties?

Readme [11.4K]

D. The Catholic Church

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FIRST PERSON TO ANSWER GETS BRAINLIEST <br> Who was Christopher Columbus?

DENIUS [597]

Answer:

An explorer

Explanation:

Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

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