Difficulty in swallowing can be found in a patient with damaged cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve. The nerve is located in brain stem near the other cranial nerve. Glossopharyngeal nerve has a role in the sensory and motoric of the pharynx and tongue/glosus. Other cranial nerves like nervus V(trigeminal), X(vagus) and XII(hypoglossal) also have a few role in pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that shows the growth in urban centers and avoids urban sprawl.
It also promotes transit-oriented and bicycle-oriented land use and this term is mostly used in North America, U.K, and describes the concept that shows governmental planning and it values the long ranges, regional considerations of sustainability over the short term focus.
<u>Other concepts include sustainable development, resource stewardship, sustainable transport, land preservation, and preservation development.</u>
