An externality in business or economics is where an industrial activity has an unexpected side effect which does not figure in the cost of the goods and services involved. For example, I worked many years at a large mine. Just the existence of the mine there meant it was a no-hunting area so a side effect was that the moose used it as a refuge during hunting season which as a side effect was beneficial to the moose (and deer). Another example is that we used to crush mine rock for the haulroads for winter traction. As a result, it was found that the fines from this were concentrated with copper values so were put in the mill for processing-an unexpected outcome.
Answer:
It will take 3 years and 66 days to pay for the initial investment.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Cash flows= $615 for 8 years
Initial investment= $1,750
<u>The payback period is the time required to cover for the initial investment.</u>
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Year 1= 615 - 1,750= -1,135
Year 2= 615 - 1,135= -520
Year 3= 615 - 520= 95
Exactly:
(95/520)= 0.18*365= 66
It will take 3 years and 66 days to pay for the initial investment.
If the required reserve ratio is 2.50 percent, the monetary multiplier is 40.
The money multiplier gives us the ratio of deposits to reserves (i.e. 1/R). That means, if the reserve ratio is 2.50% (i.e. 0.025), the money multiplier is 40 (i.e. 1/0.025). Thus, an initial deposit of USD 1,000 will end up creating a total of USD 40,000 in new money.
If the monetary multiplier is 5, the required reserve ratio is 20%.
Playing with the original multiplier formula, we can derive that R=1/m (m is money multiplier). If the money multiplier is 5, then the reserve ratio is 20% (i.e. 1/5 or 0.20).
Being smart and being decisive.
