In positive punishment contingent removal of an aversive stimulus reduces the likelihood that the response will occur again in the future.
In negative punishment the contingent presentation of a stimulus reduces the likelihood the response will occur again in the future.
<h3>What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?</h3>
- Punishment can be used in a positive or bad way, much like reinforcement.
- Any reinforcer, whether positive or negative, makes a behavioral response more likely.
- Positive or negative punishments both reduce the chance of a behavioral response.
<h3>What is reinforcement and its types?</h3>
- Everything that strengthens or improves a behavior qualifies as reinforcement.
- For instance, in a classroom context, forms of reinforcement may include praise, allowing pupils skip over unneeded assignments, or offering out small rewards like candy, extra downtime, or enjoyable hobbies.
<h3>What is positive and negative reinforcement and punishment?</h3>
- By including something desired, positive reinforcement improves the intended behavior (good).
- Aversive reinforcement reduces the goal behavior in positive punishment (bad).
- By removing an unpleasant stimulus, negative reinforcement makes the intended behavior more frequent.
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Answer: b) clashing belief systems between cultures.
Options:
a) the universality of cultural belief systems.
b) clashing belief systems between cultures.
c) the dominance of certain cultural belief systems,.
d) the diversity of cultural belief systems.
Explanation: Postformal thinking occurs after adolescence. It is at this stage that an individual becomes aware of the contradictions between the same ideas such as the clashing belief systems between cultures. In addition, during this stage of cognitive development , a person is better able to see how comp.ex some issues are, that everything is not black or white but there are varying shades of what is right and what is wrong.
Researchers often use computers in their experiments to keep from influencing the participants and to keep themselves <u>blind</u> regarding the conditions to which the participants have been assigned.
<h3><u>Why is research blinding crucial?</u></h3>
Blinding is crucial to prevent bias (such as observer bias and demand characteristics) and guarantee the internal validity of a study.
Participants may alter their behavior in ways that affect the outcome that researchers are aiming to measure if they are aware of whether they are in a control or treatment group. If those providing the treatment are aware of the participants' assigned groups, they may treat them differently, which could either directly or indirectly affect the outcome.
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To prohibit US citizens from disclosing any information related to the war.
