Cells must move materials through the {membrane} and throughout the {cytoplasm} to maintain {homeostasis} Movement of substances is regulated because membranes are {semi} permeable. Membranes are {phospholipid} bilayers that contain embedded {proteins} The cells external environment and cytoplasm are aqueous, meaning that solutes such as {salt}are dissolved in a solvent called {water} Water may travel slowly through the membrane by {osmosis} or quickly through protein channels called {aquaporins}
These molecules need to pass through specific proteins or transmembrane proteins embedded in the cell membrane. A specific type of an integral membrane protein.
The inside surface area is shaped in a crescent. It consists of a spiral valve which is made up of the small intestine. Although the dogfish shark has a relatively short small intestine compared to other animals, therefore, the spiral valve allows for a more compact form of the small intestine.
Hence, this structure provides maximum surface area over a relatively short distance in order to make the absorption of nutrients efficient achieved from the food, the sharks had from eating different sea animals.
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