The answer is D. Permafrost because it is a non living (abiotic) factor.
Explanation:
The Sun and the planets formed together, 4.6 billion years ago, from a cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula. A shock wave from a nearby supernova explosion probably initiated the collapse of the solar nebula. The Sun formed in the center, and the planets formed in a thin disk orbiting around it. In a similar manner, moons formed orbiting the gas giant planets.
Answer:
c. wtih physically differing populations which can still successfully reproduce
Explanation:
Polytype is when a single species has many variations in its area of coverage, it is thought that they are distinct species, or when many varieties or breeds of the same species are produced, as in the Lobos, which is naturally already polypic, and many dog breeds are still bred within the subspecies Canis lupus familiaris. In other words, we can say that in a polytyp species, many individuals have very different physical characteristics, but are of the same species, so they can reproduce successfully.
Plants helps produce oxygen.
