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The Deutsche Mark (German: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈmaʁk] (About this soundlisten), "German mark"), abbreviated "DM" or "D-Mark" [ˈdeːˌmaʁk] (About this soundlisten), was the official currency of West Germany from 1948 until 1990 and later the unified Germany from 1990 until 2002. It was first issued under Allied occupation in 1948 to replace the Reichsmark, and served as the Federal Republic of Germany's official currency from its founding the following year until the adoption of the euro. In English it is commonly called the "Deutschmark" (/ˈdɔɪtʃmɑːrk/); this expression is unknown in Germany.[citation needed] The Germans usually called it D-Mark when referring to the currency, and Mark when talking about individual sums.[citation needed]
In 1999, the Deutsche Mark was replaced by the euro; its coins and banknotes remained in circulation, defined in terms of euros, until the introduction of euro notes and coins on 1 January 2002. The Deutsche Mark ceased to be legal tender immediately upon the introduction of the euro—in contrast to the other eurozone nations, where the euro and legacy currency circulated side by side for up to two months. Mark coins and banknotes continued to be accepted as valid forms of payment in Germany until 28 February 2002.
The Deutsche Bundesbank has guaranteed that all German marks in cash form may be changed into euros indefinitely, and one may do so in person at any branch of the Bundesbank in Germany. Banknotes and coins can even be sent to the Bundesbank by mail.[2] In 2012, it was estimated that as many as 13.2 billion marks were in circulation, with one poll showing a narrow majority of Germans favouring the currency's restoration (although a minority believed this would not bring any economic benefit).[3]
On 31 December 1998, the Council of the European Union fixed the irrevocable exchange rate, effective 1 January 1999, for German mark to euros as DM 1.95583 = €1.[4]
One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100 pfennige.
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Crossing rivers were probably the most dangerous thing pioneers did. Swollen rivers could tip over and drown both people and oxen. Such accidents could cause the loss of life and most or all of valuable supplies. Animals could panic when wading through deep, swift water, causing wagons to overturn.
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Native Americans, also experienced as nearby Americans, American Indians, and Indians, are the to do with events, pictures of old times persons in general of the United States 1 Over five hundred taken to be tribes within the U. s. nearly half of which are related with Indian bookings. The word is taking away a low level of development persons from Hawaii and some Alaska persons of the town. The men in the earlier times today low level of development Americans came into what is currently the United States 1 at least possible or recorded 15 thousand years earlier, probably much longer through Beringia from Asia. A very great range of beings, society's development, and societies coming after came out of. The European process of making countries come under the control of another of the nearby Americas, which began in 1492 greatly, acted-on the low level of development Americans and their group made lower, less precipitously because of, about forced hard work, war, And diseases ( lamb, 2017 ). Many low levels of development American individuals were forced to taking away, one-sided agreements between nations, and war after they give money for the building of the United States 1 Still in the 21st hundred years, they still go on to have the pain of from government policies which are judging things well them. Many lives of the low level of development Americans have changed since the 1960s because of, with motions such as the low level of development American Self power to get in detail. In current-day America, over five million low levels of development Americans be living in the United States 1 even though many present time issues are still faced by the low level of development Americans. as in agreement, this paper seeks to make, be moving in the low level of development American social development, its history and its have power over to the earth.
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some of the main regions are-
Caucasus
Ural
Siberia
Northern Europe
Far Eastern Federal District
