10) a
11)b?
12)a
13)c
14) d
15)a
16)a
Let me know if these help along with the other ones
You don't show the picture, but I can give you an overview.
A frameshift mutation is anything that puts the regular order of 3 nucleotides (a codon) out of it's norm. If these things happen, then you get a frameshift.
Note: This occurs in the gene - not outside of the coding sequence:
1. Loss of a single basepair (perhaps the A in bold):
ATG AAA ATT CTG CCC T...
ATG AAA TTC TGC CCT ....
The codons after AAA are now completely different so this will result in a different amino acid pattern and thus a completely different polypeptide (protein) that may nor may not be functional.
2. Loss of two basepairs (so perhaps 2 of the A's)
ATG AAA ATT CTG CCC T...
ATG AAT TCT GCC CT....
3. Gain of 1 base pair will also cause problems:
ATG AAA ATT CTG CCC T...
ATG AAA AAT TCT GCC CT...
4. Gain of 2 base pairs will also cause problems:
ATG AAA ATT CTG CCC T...
ATG AAA AAA TTC TGC CCT...
Answer:
Phospholipid bilayer and carbohydrates.
Explanation:
Phospholipids form a double layer that protects the cell from the outside, in this layer the heads of the phospholipids, which are hydrophilic, are orientated towards the inside and the outside of the cell, and the tails of the two layers, which are hydrophobic, are in contact with each other. This bilayer allows the passage of certain substances due to its polarity, the elements that are too big, are ions, or that are hydrophilic have especial channels made of proteins that allow the passage of these kinds of elements
The other component that can affect the permeability is carbohydrates. These, when they attach to lipids and proteins, form a layer around the cell that allows the passage of certain substances, allows the recognition of the cells that are from the body, and the ones that are foreign so that there can be communication between cells.
When a candle burns, energy is released in the form of light and heat.
Candles are used to provide light because when they burn, the energy which is released takes the form of light. Similarly, because fire is involved in the process, heat is given off as well.
