By Stokes' theorem,

where

is the circular boundary of the hemisphere

in the

-

plane. We can parameterize the boundary via the "standard" choice of polar coordinates, setting

where

. Then the line integral is


We can check this result by evaluating the equivalent surface integral. We have

and we can parameterize

by

so that

where

and

. Then,

as expected.
Answer:
Thus percentile lies between 53.3% and 55.6 %
Step-by-step explanation:
First we arrange the data in ascending order . Then find the number of the values corresponding to the given value. Then equate it with the number of observations and x and then multiply it to get the percentile. n= P/100 *N
where n is the ordinal rank of the given value
N is the number of values in ascending order.
The data in ascending order is
0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.3
1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.8 3.3 3.5 5.5 6.1 6.4 6.9 7.5 7.9 8.3 9.8 10.1 11.8 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.7 12.9 13.8 13.8 14.6 14.7 14.8 27.5
Number of observation = 45
4.9 lies between 3.3 and 5.5
x*n = 24 observation x*n = 25 observation
x*45= 24 x*45= 25
x= 0.533 x= 0.556
Thus percentile lies between 53.3% and 55.6 %