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Answer:
1 - Malaria
2- Typhoid fever and Tuberculosis
Explanation:
In case of malaria, the causal microorganism is Plasmodium falciparum, which target red blood cells of host. In humans who have defective sickle cell allele, have abnomral shaped red blood cells. So microorganism does not able to attach to abnormal shaped RBCs thus humans having sickle cell allele are more resistant to death caused by malaria.
In cystic fibrosis, mutation on that gene which encodes a protein known as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).
Normally Salmonella typhi (bacteria responsible for typhoid fever) enters into intestinal cells by attaching with CFTR receptor. Carriers of cystic fibrosis mutant gene, have abnormal CFTR thus reduced rate of entry of bacteria into carriers.
Normally Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacteria responsible for tuberculosis) adds sulfate in its cell walls. In carriers of cystic fibrosis, arylsulfatase B activity is reduced which incorporates sulfate. Thus reduced arylsulfatase activity makes bacteria unable to add sulfate in its cell walls thus decreases their virulence to carriers of cystic fibrosis.
Answer:
4. Membrane and proteins secreted by the cell
Explanation:
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is one of the organelle that makes up the endomembrane system of eukaryotes. The ER is of two types viz: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
The RER is called "rough" because of the ribosome organelles that are attached to its surface. The attachment of this ribosomes (site of protein synthesis) also defines its function. The RER is principally involved in the production of protein. Hence, the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum functions mainly in the production of membrane and proteins secreted by the cell.
