In a nutshell, the cruel and unusual punishment clause measures a particular punishment against society's prohibition against inhuman treatment. It prevents the government from imposing a penalty that is either barbaric or far too severe for the crime committed.
Adam Smith<span> was a Scottish philosopher who became a political economist in the midst of the Scottish Enlightenment. He is best known for writing "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" (1759) and "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776).</span>
John Jay's treaty sought to settle outstanding issues between the two countries that had been left unresolved since American independence.
The Virginia Resolves declared the principle of "no taxation without representation". The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament to help pay for the French and Indian War. American colonists were affected by these taxes as part of the British empire. In the Virginia Resolves, Virginians protested the Stamp Act, and argued that they should not have to pay taxes to the British government when they did not have representatives in Parliament to speak for them. Hence, the phrase "no taxation with representation" became a key principle in the colonists' struggle for independence.
The Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, and especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism.
