Answer:
a. Null hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is equal to the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.
Complementary alternative hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is different from the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.
b. (32.1, 42.3)
c. p-value < .00001
d. The null hypothesis is rejected at the α=0.05 significance level
e. Reformulated null hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is equal to the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.
Reformulated complementary alternative hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is higher than the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.
p-value equals < .00001. The null hypothesis is rejected at the α=0.05 significance level. This suggests that being given antacids<em> </em>greatly increases the plasma aluminum levels of children.
Step-by-step explanation:
a. Null hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is equal to the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.
Complementary alternative hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is different from the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids. This may imply that being given antacids significantly changes the plasma aluminum level of infants.
b. Since the population standard deviation σ is unknown, we must use the t distribution to find 95% confidence limits for μ. For a t distribution with 10-1=9 degrees of freedom, 95% of the observations lie between -2.262 and 2.262. Therefore, replacing σ with s, a 95% confidence interval for the population mean μ is:
(X bar - 2.262\frac{s}{\sqrt{10} } , X bar + 2.262\frac{s}{\sqrt{10} })
Substituting in the values of X bar and s, the interval becomes:
(37.2 - 2.262\frac{7.13}{\sqrt{10} } , 37.2 + 2.262\frac{7.13}{\sqrt{10} })
or (32.1, 42.3)
c. To calculate p-value of the sample , we need to calculate the t-statistics which equals:
t=\frac{(Xbar-u)}{\frac{s}{\sqrt{10} } } = \frac{(37.2-4.13)}{\frac{7.13}{\sqrt{10} } } = 14.67.
Given two-sided test and degrees of freedom = 9, the p-value equals < .00001, which is less than 0.05.
d. The mean plasma aluminum level for the population of infants not receiving antacids is 4.13 ug/l - not a plausible value of mean plasma aluminum level for the population of infants receiving antacids. The 95% confidence interval for the population mean of infants receiving antacids is (32.1, 42.3) and does not cover the value 4.13. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected at the α=0.05 significance level. This suggests that being given antacids <em>greatly changes</em> the plasma aluminum levels of children.
e. Reformulated null hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is equal to the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.
Reformulated complementary alternative hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is higher than the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.
Given one-sided test and degree of freedom = 9, the p-value equals < .00001, which is less than 0.05. This result is similar to result in part (c). the null hypothesis is rejected at the α=0.05 significance level. This suggests that being given antacids<em> greatly increases</em> the plasma aluminum levels of children.