Reactions that hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds split the DNA molecule between the phosphate groups and the hydroxyl groups of the two sugar groups.
In DNA there is a covalent bond through a phosphate group that connects the hydroxyl group (OH) at the 5' position of the pentose sugar and the hydroxyl group at the 3' position of the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide. This covalent bond is called a phosphodiester bond because chemically the phosphate group is in the diester form.
In other words, the phosphodiester bond connects the sugar in one nucleotide to the sugar in the next nucleotide, so this bond simultaneously connects the two consecutive nucleotides to form a polynucleotide chain. If there is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of covalent bonds that combine nucleotides, what happens is that the phosphodiester link between deoxyribose sugars will break.
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Answer: Mutualism
Explanation: The definition of mutualism states " interaction between two or more species where each species has a benefit". The bird is getting food from the insects and the horse is getting the insects removed. Both are benefited.
Answer:
Enzyme-linked
Explanation:
The cell surface receptors that have intracellular domains associated with enzymes are called enzyme-linked receptors. The added molecule was water-soluble and cannot pass through the membrane to bind to intracellular receptors. Binding of the added molecule to the enzyme-linked receptor led to the activation of associated enzymes to generate the response (down-regulation of expression of the target gene).
Examples of enzyme-linked receptors include tyrosine kinase receptors. Binding of the signaling molecule to these receptors triggers phosphorylation of the intracellular domain which in turn transmits the signal to the cytoplasmic messenger.
After the macrophage fails the Helper T Cell stimulates the B cells (create antibodies) if pathogen is extracellular and Cytotoxic T Cells (killer T cells, release perforin) if pathogen is intracellular. Once the pathogen is killed the B Cells create Memory B Cells and the Killer T Cells create memory T Cells.
<span>Hope that's helpful.</span>
Your answer would be A. Uracil
