<em>Glycerol is changed into one of the intermediate product of glycolysis,</em> so enters the <em>cell respiration pathway</em>
Unsaturated fats are changed in a progression of responses called <em>beta-oxidation into acetyl CoA molecules,</em> which enter cell digestion at the <em>Kreb's Cycle</em>
A large portion of the ATP produced by cellular respiration is made by <em>oxidative phosphorylation</em>
<em>38 ATP atoms</em> can be made per oxidized glucose particle during cellular respiration <em>(2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and around 34 from the electron transport system)</em>
Any energy yielding metabolic reaction in which final electron acceptor is an internal organic molecule(generally an intermediate of metabolic reaction)
Fermentation is exclusively operated in absence of oxygen
There are two types of fermentation:
Lactic acid fermentation: Pyruvate is the final electron acceptor and converted in lactate, reaction is catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase
Alcoholic fermentation: Final electron acceptor is acetaldehyde which is converted in ethanol
Lipid Catabolism
In catabolism of lipids, Glycerol is be phosphorylated to glycerol-3-phosphate and easily converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which continues through glycolysis
The released fatty acids are catabolized in a process called β-oxidation( activation of fatty acid occurs in cytoplasm whereas transportation of fatty acid and proper β-oxidation occurs in matrix of mitochondria), fatty acids are oxidized to yield FADH2, NADH and acyl CoA
1 β-oxidation cycle provides 1 FADH2, 1 NADH and 1 acetyl CoA
Protein Catabolism
Proteins are degraded through the concerted action of a variety of microbial protease enzymes, extracellular proteases cut proteins internally at specific amino acid sequences, breaking them down into smaller peptides that can then be taken up by cells
After extracellular protease degradation and uptake of peptides in the cell, the peptides can then be broken down further into individual amino acids by additional intracellular proteases, and each amino acid can be enzymatically deaminated to remove the amino group
The remaining molecules can then enter the transition reaction or the Krebs cycle
Kreb cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria where 1 molecule of Acetyl CoA gives 12 ATP
After two months of
development, the embryo is called a fetus. The endometrium is formed in part
from the inner lining of the uterus and in part from other membranes. It is
through the placenta that that the embryo/fetus is nourished while in the
umbilical cord and three blood vessels are carried away.
The nitrogenous bases Adenine form two hydrogen bonds with thymine and the cytosine form three hydrogen bonds with the guanine. Simply, A combines with T and G combines with the C. It is often called as a complementary base pairing because of each base pair bonds only with its specific complementary base partner in a DNA molecule.
