<h2>b) option is correct </h2>
Explanation:
- Some bacterial toxins cause disease by altering the activity of G protein, cholera toxin is one of them
- Cholera toxin catalyse ADP ribosylation of Gs and blocks GTPase activity thus Gs GTP become permanently active
- Constitutive activation of Gs protein continuously induce adenylyl cyclase, cytosolic cAMP level rises that leads to activation of protein kinase A (pKA)
- Activated pKA catalyse phosphorylation of two transmembrane proteins of intestinal epithelial cells:
- CFTR cause excessive outflow of Cl- ion and Na+ H+ exchange cause efflux of Na+ ion, both enters in gut and form Na+ Cl-
- Na+Cl- leads to outflow of water from the gut, resulting in diarrhea and dehydration and this condition may cause death of organisms due to loss of water and ions
The result of this treatment will decrease the osmotic pressure of the blood, causing the cell is losing water molecule by osmosis.
Administering pure water as resuscitation fluid might also lower the concentration of electrolyte in the blood, causing electrolyte imbalance. It is recommended to use normal saline(0.9% NaCl) solution for resuscitation as the solution is having the same osmotic pressure, thus won't inducing osmosis.
Answer:
The chyme is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile juice in the duodenum.
Explanation:
- Chyme is a mixture of food and digestive juice. The stomach produces digestive juices that are mixed with the bolus (the mixed food after chewing and swallowing) and form chyme.
- Chyme is mixed with bile juice and pancreatic juice in the duodenum. After mixing up with bile, bile juice emulsifies the fats.
<u>Answer</u>:
- The term refrigerate once opened is found in preserved foods (canned or processed) and this basically means to cool the container after opening it along with its contents.
- The rationale behind this is that once the container gets opened for consumption, it is immediately exposed to the oxygen present in the atmosphere and the dust particles.
- Further, the contents are also exposed to the various bacteria and mold spores present in the environment. Due to such exposure, all protection offered by canning and processing the food is lost.
- It is important to know that when the contents are kept at room temperature, the mold and bacteria start growing immediately and multiplying in number and this leads to the degradation of the food product as well as toxicity.
Therefore, it is important to refrigerate the contents as cooler temperatures <em>slows the growth of these microorganisms and inactivates them</em>. Thus, increasing the shelf life of the food.
