Answer:
3. Antibody-independent pathways of complement activation rely on complement components that directly bind to microbial surfaces.
Explanation:
There are three pathways of complement activation:
- The classical pathway.
- The alternative pathway.
- The lectin pathway.
The classical pathway is triggered by binding of C1 either to the pathogen surface or to antibody bound to the pathogen.
The alternative pathway is triggered by the spontaneous hydrolysis of soluble C3 to C3(H₂O) and initiates eventual deposition of C3 convertase on microbial surfaces.
The lectin pathway is triggered by the binding of mannose-binding lectin or ficolins to carbohydrate residues in microbial cell walls and capsules.
Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction, and /or rather an asexual reproduction common in most prokaryotes.This function happens when the organism divides itself producing another replica of its genetic material and now altogether as the organism itself.
The answer to the first question is a.
<span>Cast is a fossil that is a copy of an organisms shape, formed when minerals seep into a mold.
A fossil formed when an animal, plant, or other organism dies, its flesh decays and bones deteriorate due to chemical reactions; minerals gradually enter into the cavity, resulting in a cast, also called a mold fossil, which is in the general form of the original organism.</span>
A scientific theory changes when there is more information available about what the theory covers.
