Answer:
placebo
Explanation:
According to my research on studies conducted by various psychologists, I can say that based on the information provided within the question the cigarette without nicotine is a placebo. This term refers to a substance that has no chemical effects and is given to a patient or test subject instead of the actual drug, in order to compare the effects that it has to the individual in comparison to the effects of the individuals that take the actual drug. Which is what the researcher are doing in this scenario as they test the reactions that nicotine has on individuals with those that just think they are smoking a cigarette.
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A careful reading of the history of the “idea” of family preservation as well as an appraisal of the recent policy context for its adoption—as illuminated by Berry (1997), Schorr (1997), McCroskey and Meezan (1997), and others—suggests that all three explanations—dissensus on values, practice lacunae, and organizational complexities—may to a degree be valid. At a minimum, these and other trenchant commentaries such as those provided recently by Littell and Schuerman (1999) and Halpern (1999) suggest that any discussion of the “practice” of family preservation absent its historical/valuative roots and current organizational and policy context will be incomplete.
That said, this present paper will focus on some of the most vexing challenges of implementing family preservation practice, some of its enduring legacies as a practice modality, and some of the longer range problems in developing practice theory and application that it has illuminated
<span>The children with exceptionally high iqs that were studied by Louis termin eventually became known as Termites. He followed them through out there lives. His goal was to disprove the "early ripe-early rot" myth.</span>
