Rhode Island. The colony of Rhode Island was founded by a puritan minister named Roger Williams, who was a strong advocate of a separation between church and state, as well as religious freedoms and tolerances among peoples. Originally, Roger Williams was a minister in Massachusetts but expelled in 1636 for having too radical ideas about religious freedom and separating government authority from religious practice. He then relocated to Rhode Island and set up a colony that guaranteed religious toleration and early advocacy for abolition of slavery.
The holy roman emperor (Henry IV) wanted to make the church independent from secular rulers so he banned the practice of Lay Investiture. The pope (Gregory VII) excommunicated him and went to find a new emperor when Henry IV confessed to him he was a sinner and Gregory forgave him. But Henry was so butt hurt about it that he sent to roman military to kill the pope.
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Crusades, military expeditions, beginning in the late 11th century, that were organized by western European Christians in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion. Their objectives were to check the spread of Islam, to retake control of the Holy Land in the eastern Mediterranean, to conquer pagan areas, and to recapture formerly Christian territories;
3. Industries became more mechanized
