There are 3 main processes in urine formation. These are Filtration, reabsorption and secretion.
Filtration
Blood enters the afferent arteriole and goes to glomerulus where blood is filtered and it will sip inside the glomerulus and nonfilterable components will go into efferent arteriole.
Reabsoprtion
Molecules and ions will be reabsrobed into the system. The fluid will pass into the proximal, distal and convoluted tubules, loop of henle, as water an ions are removed as the fluid osmolarty changes. Last is secretion of substance that is not filtered.
Answer:
Electron transport chain and ATP synthase
Explanation:
The inner mitochondrial membrane contains an electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. Four membrane protein complexes serve as the electron carriers and are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These protein complexes are called complex I, II, III and IV. Transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to terminal electron acceptor oxygen occurs via these protein complexes.
During electron transfer, the pumping of protons towards the inner mitochondrial membrane creates an electrochemical gradient. The downhill transfer of protons back to the matrix via proton channel of ATP synthase drives phosphorylation of ADP. Therefore, presence of all the protein complexes of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase is required for electron transfer and ATP synthesis.
Answer: The brainstem controls autonomic functions through cranial nerves arising from it, along with the medulla oblongata, therefore an injury to the area can cause loss of these functions.
Explanation:
The brainstem comprises of the midbrain, and the pons and medulla of the hindbrain. It is in direct continuation with the spinal cord. Ten cranial nerves arise from this part, and a number of tracts pass through this region. The medulla of the brainstem are particularly involved in maintaining heart rate, breathing and blood pressure. In case of a brainstem injury, the cranial nerves responsible for autonomic functions could get damaged leading to dysfunction and/or the areas of medulla consisting of centres controlling heart rate, blood pressure or other autonomic functions, if damaged could cause difficulties.
Well an increase in alkaline causes pH levels to rise. When the levels of acid in your blood are too high, it's called acidosis. When your blood is too alkaline, it is called alkalosis. Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are due to a problem with the lungs.
THE ANSWER IS OPTION B
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
