Central dogma is done by all cells which involves the process of DNA replication, transcription and translation. DNA replication involves making of a new DNA molecule to copy the genetic information and takes place in the nucleus of a cell while Transcription is the formation of a mRNA from DNA molecule by RNA polymerase a process that takes place in the nucleus. Translation involves formation of polypeptides from the messenger RNA which takes place in the cytoplasm (cytosol) of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in an organelle known as ribosomes.
Scientists learn about the layers deep within the Earth's crust by studying how seismic waves travel ... Usually, they use seismic waves, which are waves generated by earthquakes
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Excellent question! Scientists use waves to study the different layers of the earth. Usually, they use seismic waves, which are waves generated by earthquakes or nuclear-test explosions. The seismic waves are bent, sped up, or slowed down, or even reflected when they pass through the earth's layers. Different types of materials (liquid vs. solid, rigid vs. softer) determine the speed of the waves. Bending of the waves occurs at the layer's boundaries. So, scientists study the path and speed of these waves through the earth to decipher boundaries and the materials that make up the layers.
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Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between oceanic plates and exist as mid-oceanic ridges. Divergent boundaries also form volcanic islands which occur when the plates move apart to produce gaps which molten lava rises to fill.
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~♥ ashlynn
